Double Effect - 1138 Words

The objective of this paper is to prove that the Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE), proposed by Saint Thomas Aquinas, is a valid moral principle. It has been concluded that the DDE is a valid moral principle as it allows one to justify whether an action will cause two diverse effects and whether the effects are permissible. It is crucial to establish the validity of the DDE because it has been applied to defend a significant number of contemporary controversial issues (McIntyre). In order to determine whether the DDE is a valid moral principle, the definition of the doctrine itself as well as conditions involved will be demonstrated. In addition, each condition will be applied to differentiate two examples that result in the same outcomes.†¦show more content†¦The doctor was aware that his choice would result in the death of one patient. However, the death of one patient compared to five was able to justify that action. Therefore, the doctors choice of dividing medication into four equal proportions to save the lives of four out of five patients is able to satisfy all the conditions of DDE and therefore it is permissible for the doctor to make such a decision. The doctor’s choice in the Organ Shortage scenario is impermissible. From a quantitative point of view, it may seem the doctor’s choice is permissible as it resulted in the death of one patient as opposed to four. However, the death of the patient is not a side-effect of curing the four other patients. Moreover, the death of the fifth patient has been used as a means to achieve the good end. The doctor’s choice fails to meet the conditions of DDE as the doctor withheld medication from a patient whose life depended on the medication. Therefore, it has been concluded that the doctor’s choice is impermissible. The above scenarios may seem identical as the doctor made the decision that was able to save the greatest number of people. However, it has been identified that the circumstances were different and As the two similar actions are distinguished, the creditability of the DDE in relation to justifying controversial issues has been proved. Since the DDE has established a moralShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrine of Double Effect2090 Words   |  8 Pagesmoral dilemma of having to kill someone. This is where the Doctrine of Double Effect comes into play. The Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE) is a principal which aims to provide specific guidelines for determining when it is morally permissible to perform an action in the pursuit of a positive outcome with the full knowledge that the action will also bring about an evil consequence. (Solomon, 2014). Although the Doctrine of Double Effect is viewed as a positive theory by man, it is unjust in that it givesRead MoreProblems With The Doctrine Of Double Effect1904 Words   |  8 PagesJessie Buckler Term Paper Philosophy 3300 April 25, 2016 PROBLEMS WITH THE DOCTRINE OF DOUBLE EFFECT Defenders of the Doctrine of Double Effect argue that there is a morally significant distinction, which bears on the rightness of actions, between those consequences of our actions that are intended and those that are foreseen. Utilitarians often use this doctrine to describe their stance on the topic of harming others. This paper will look at three situations that are commonly used to defendRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Double Effect1163 Words   |  5 PagesDoctrine of Double Effect The Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE) is utilized in the explanation of the permissibility of dealings and actions that result in impairment for example, death of a person, as a result of achieving some good at the end. This explains that it is sometimes acceptable to harm someone if the action will evoke some good at the end (Mclntyre 42). This reasoning was introduced by Thomas Aquinas but has developed and many versions of the same have erupted. Scanlon’s view of Double EffectRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Double Effect877 Words   |  4 Pagesrespirations. However, the Doctrine of Double Effect helps to determine if the act is permissible. With this particular case, Nicolas is faced with the situation of either facing unbearable pain or taking morphine to ease the pain in his last months of life. Before this case can be analyzed according to the Doctrine of Double Effect, one must first consider the act, good effect, and bad effect. In this case, the act is the use of morphine. The good effect that comes from the act is the relief ofRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Double Effect2007 Words   |  9 PagesThe doctrine (or principle) of double effect is often invoked to explain the permissibility of an action that causes a serious harm, such as the death of a human being, as a side effect of promoting some good end (McIntyre, 2004) . According to the principle of double effect (DDE), there are times where it is permissible to cause harm – as a side effect of bringing about a good result, even though it would not be acceptable to cause such harm as a means to providing the same good end. I will nowRead MoreNatural Law A nd The Preservation Of Human Life1301 Words   |  6 Pagesalready been instilled with Natural Law. A young woman who is four months pregnant has recently discovered that she has tuberculosis. The doctor informs her that she must take a drug that will cure her disease, but that the drug will also have the effect of aborting the fetus. There is no other available drug that will cure her disease, and if she does not take the drug immediately she will die. According to natural law, may the young woman take the drug? Both the mother and the fetus are innocentRead MoreTaking a Look at Euthanasia537 Words   |  2 Pageslife’s natural purposes, including euthanasia, are erroneous on moral grounds. In addition, the doctrine of double effect clarifies that any positive effects of euthanasia does not outweigh the forbiddances of the action. Essentially, Natural Law protests euthanasia as it interferes with life’s natural purposes and does not meet the criteria for acceptance under the doctrine of double effect. As a moral theory, Natural Law theory holds that what is moral is consistent with the natural purposes ofRead MoreEssay about Active Euthanasia is Murder2447 Words   |  10 Pagesformat)Unexpected events during the death can be traumatic...One in eight patients had       what the researchers termed problems with completion,    such as an undesirably long time to reach death, and one    in ten suffered side effects such as fits and vomiting. As a    result, a fifth of doctors intending just to assist at a suicide    ended up having to take over.    In other cases, family members were warned that they may wish to leave the room when the patientRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Considered More Than Others2390 Words   |  10 Pagestherefore, Physician-Assisted Suicide should be legally obtained in every state. A few terms and principles that need to be introduced before making an argument to support them are Physician-Assisted Suicide, The slippery slope argument, autonomy, double effect, and beneficence. The currently accepted definition of Physician-Assisted Suicide is when â€Å"a physician intentionally helping a person to terminate his or her life by providing drugs for self-administration, at the person’s voluntary and competentRead MoreEssay on The Doctrine of Double Effect1307 Words   |  6 PagesCase Assignment: The doctrine of double effect says that the pursuit of good is not as acceptable if the harm that results is intended rather than merely foreseen (Lippert-Rasmussen, 2010). To some it is a nonabsolutist moral principle in which as long as significant good resulted from the action, it is allowable (Lippert-Ramussen, 2010). Scanlon believed that an act that leads to the death of an innocent person can never be justified by the good that results (Lippert-Ramussen, 2010). Scanlons

The Use Of Scientific Testing On Animals - 1503 Words

Since Ancient Greece, humans have used animals as means of learning more about the world. The first known vivisection was done by a Greek philosopher, Alcmaeon, in 450 B. C. E (â€Å"Animal Testing† NP). Since then, animals have had invasives tests performed on them, been killed, and been experimented on in the name of science or for profit. Some experiments are in order to demonstrate already known facts to students, others are to further medical knowledge, and some are to test drugs and cosmetics (â€Å"Animal Testing† NP). Scientific testing on animals has led to many medical discoveries. Animals are used, and have been used for millennia, in order to make products, procedures, and life in general safer for humans - stemming from the belief that human lives are more important than animals’. In order to moralize animal experimentation, people tend to draw attention to the benefits of animal experimentation and draw attention away from the cruelties and injusti ce committed towards animals. To lessen the suffering and lack of fairness of animals, people should find and use alternatives to animal experimentation. Background Information on Animal Experimentation There are many different ways in which animals are experimented on: vivisection, â€Å"the cutting of or operation on a living animal for scientific investigation,† dissection (examining an animal by cutting into it), exposure to chemicals, testing new surgical procedures, and various other experiments (â€Å"Animal Testing† NP). WhenShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1278 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal testing or animal experimentation is the use of non-human species such as animals, in experiments to test the affect of controlled variables on the subjects behaviour or physical appearance. The use of animal testing in science is a controversial issue that has divided the public for many centuries; between immense passion and emotion from those opposing the practice, and those that preach its integral part in the advancement of science. The divide in the topic is between the scientific communityRead MoreImportance Of Animal Testing1726 Words   |  7 Pa gesAnimal testing: Is it necessary? People take medicine, and they wear makeup. Most people own one or two or maybe more pets. Some people love their pets as if they were their own children. Pets are loved and taken care of. They are rescued and adopted. But do people know that they are treated the opposite in a laboratory? It is estimated that every year, 26 million animals are used for scientific and commercial testing in the United States. There are many reasons animals are used for testing. SomeRead MoreImportance of Animal Testing804 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of animals in scientific research has made dramatic improvements in our understanding of the human race. Despite the controversies that surround this issue, without this process of testing it is certain that much of what is known today towards the quality and quantity of life would remain closed off to us. Over the years, scientists have gained the ability to solve medical problems, cure diseases, and develop vaccines all with the use of animals during scientific research. To believe thatRead MoreSave Animals. Say No to Animal Testing!1390 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative essay: Save animals. Say no to animal testing! Nowadays, it is a well-known fact that many companies test their products like cosmetics and medicines with animals before production to check their products ’safety and quality. A huge amount of animals are used in research purpose every year. Is it right for human beings to sacrifice millions of animals for testing purpose? Should animal testing be banned? Animal testing is a controversial issue and there is a heated debated about prosRead MoreEssay on Animal Testing in the Research Field1416 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal research, or animal testing, is the use of animals in scientific researches to study and develop drugs for the life-taking diseases that human beings contract. It has been practiced for hundreds of years. Animal testing helps produced many vaccines and other drugs, like penicillin, and thus, save many human lives. On the other hand, animal testing also causes pain and kills a lot of animals used during the researches that many people oppose this practice. S upporters show their support, whileRead MoreAnimal Testing: A True Ethical Dilemma Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesis the life of a laboratory animal. Animal testing is the use of animals for scientific research purposes and experiments. It can be used for the findings of cures and medicines to testing new drugs, to understanding the behavioral psychology of the animals themselves. â€Å"Around fifty to one hundred million vertebrate animals, ranging from fish to primates, are used in experiments each year† (Lloyd). There are many different terms used to describe the research on animals but two main ideas. In vivoRead MoreEssay about Animal Rights1553 Words   |  7 Pagesissue of animal experimentation is a widely debated topic in the United States. A fundamental question of this debate is whether the functions of animal testing and research are morally and ethically justified. In the viewpoint of the pro-research community, animal testing is a necessary practice. They sup port this position by stating that humans, instinctually, prioritize their own survival above other animals thus making any use of animals justifiable (Fox 5). The supporters of animal testing believeRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Not All Humane And Pain Free1130 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion animals are used every year in the united states for scientific and commercial testing† (ProCon.org). We are rapidly using up the earth’s supply of small animals. â€Å"A 2011 poll of nearly 1,000 biomedical scientists conducted by the science journal Nature found that more than 90% agreed that the use of animals in research is essential (ProCon.org). Right now, millions of mice, rats, rabbits, cats, dogs, and other animals are locked up in cages and are getting killed for scientific tests toRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned1509 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing is intended to express the use of animals in scientific research. Every year more than 115 million animals around the world have been used in laboratory experiments (Human Society International,2012). They include animals that are generally used in medical research such as cats, dogs, guinea pigs, mice, rats and monkeys. This experience has a major role in the progress of medicine. For example, it has been used in the development of drugs and surgical procedures and artificialRead MoreAnimal Models And Clinical Trials1158 Words   |  5 Pagesthat are successful in animal trials are not successful in clinical trials, most specifically, drugs used in cancer treatments. Animal models have been an important factor in the testing of a new drug before it is used in clinical trials, but many drugs that are approved in animal models are not successful in human models. It has been shown that 85% of early clinical trials for novel drugs are not successful and from the remaining 15%, only half are approved for human use. The reason there is a difference

Summary and Analysis of Rasha free essay sample

She knew that this was not an accidental arrest because the team knew about their status and Identifications. Rash stated, The man seemed to know everything about the family, including the fact that Rashers two youngest brothers, both minors, were U. S. Citizens, (Bayonet 21). Then the whole family was separated and they were taken In to different prisons. Rash, her sister, and mom had to be stripped search, wore converse shoes and beige jumpsuits, and they were taken In to prison cells. Rash thought that her family would get separated forever or get deported back to the Middle East.In the end, they were free to go and they were united with their whole family. Rash and her family did not realize how bad racism was until this accident. When she was In prison with her family, she experienced racial slurs by the guards. Rash found friends and lawyers to help her and her family get out of prison. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary and Analysis of Rasha or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rash and her family were eventually cleared and were sent home. When she saw the American in the restaurant after her release, she went up to him and got mad at him for making her mother cry back In prison. Rash stated, dont recognize me?All the scenes when hed yelled at her, when hed made her cry, when hed made her mother cry, flashed in her mind. His expression didnt change. Remember? she said, her voice rising. MAD? You dont remember 44). It did not change anything, but it sure was satisfying. Rash story, in How Does It Feel to Be a Problem by Mousetrap Bayonet, shows the concept of living in the united States after September 1 lath in great depth. The numerous conflicts that the characters face with society demonstrate exactly what Bayonet is trying to show.Famously starts off the chapter going into Rash mind. She has Just spent three months In prison with her family, and that has made her see the world In a whole new perspective. Rash quotes Booker T. Washington, l will permit no man to narrow and degrade my soul by making me hate him (Bayonet 16). Her experience In prison lets her know that she cant let any human being make her feel beneath them. The author foreshadows the FBI raid when Rash gets up and sees lights shimmering in the mirror.While feeling the urge to give up, Burning points out, She tried to transform her anger into a life lesson, to believe that God was trying matter what happens, Rash turns to religion. Bayonet constantly uses words such as: caged specimens, beasts, subhuman species, and lab rats to explain how Rash let while in prison. Getting out of prison and reuniting with her family was bittersweet. No on knew how to balance gratitude with resentment, stated Bayonet (Bayonet 34). With the FBI cutting off their lives they had to sell their home, try and catch up with school, and get life back to normal. Rash learned not to take little things for granted. Her freedom was very important to her, even though the talk of 9/1 1 was still heavy. Bayonet points out that, She now had her own analysis about the way the country is run, and she had proof about the way people are treated, (Bayonet 36). Out of the whole incident she realized that people take being a citizen for granted. In May 2002 the U.S. Government was charged with violating rights. Bayonet made it a point to her that law enforcement treated them wrongly. While talking to Shall Mohammed, he states that, This is not law enforcement. Its random enforcement. Its capricious and copious, (Bayonet 41). He finally gets the point across on how much it has affected Rash in the end when she sees the correction officer. Speaking her mind made her feel that he was beneath her even though it would never change the conflicts she faces with society.

Should Harlequin re

Harlequin is a publishing industry that has been publishing books for a long time. The major types of books that are published by this industry are educational materials and romance novels. The industry was founded in the year 1949. In the 1970s, Harlequin was the world best and largest publisher of women’s series romance fiction books.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Should Harlequin re-enter the single-title business? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The books are of different types of romance, ranging from inspirational, traditional to sexy romance. The industry had created the worldwide library because of the growing single-title market. This was a good opportunity to the authors, who had their work published by Harlequin. This did not last for long since the worldwide library did not know exactly the books it was dealing with. Harlequin has reconsidered the thought of re-entering the business of single-title books. This will be a good decision for the Harlequin enterprises to make considering that; it is one of the largest and well-known publishers of romantic novels. The business of single-title books will raise the income of the industry. This is because, most of the best and well-known authors will always want to be associated with the best selling publishers, where they can have confidence that their work shall be well marketed. Thus, re-entering the single-title business will enable Harlequin to regain some of the most prominent authors that it may have lost after the collapse of the worldwide library. As long as Harlequin continues with the business of publishing the diverse series of romance books, there would be no harm of re-entering the single-title business. The company is a large publisher, and as we know, large businesses are well suited to undertake their operations on a broader basis. If the single-title business thrives, it will be to the benefit of the Harl equin enterprises as a whole. On the other hand, if the single-title business does not thrive, not much shall be lost since other romance series books shall continue to sell as it has been. This shows that, the whole business venture shall not collapse. In business, it is all about taking risks and hoping for the best outcome. If Harlequin has to re-enter the single-title business, it also has to consider the distributor and sales organ of the books. This is because, previously, the worldwide library did not recognize what the imprint was all about. The MIRA can be launched and be given the task of selling the single-title books.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since a lesson has already been learnt from the collapse of the worldwide library, the MIRA can apply any tactic that was not used by the worldwide library. It can also avoid the methods that were used by the wor ldwide library. Since single-title women’s fiction novels required more mainstream distribution, which was not achieved during the era of the worldwide imprint, the MIRA can focus a lot on distributing the books once launched. This can best be done through introducing, MIRA outlets in different countries for the easy access of the single-title books by customers of different countries. For a new start, Harlequin can first start by offering greater discounts to all potential authors to encourage them to collaborate with them. This will attract more authors and the business will have greater chances of thriving. Thus, it would be a wise decision to make in re-entering the single-title business. This case study on Should Harlequin re-enter the single-title business? was written and submitted by user Aaden Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.